I've been reading through the last couple years of posts in this forum and I keep seeing questions about negative score surprises at the end of the month. This is typically in the early game when the player has little radar coverage of the globe. I think almost all of the people asking haven't been using the graph screens. They must not realize that the graphs for ufo activity for region and country (first two buttons above the upper left corner of the graph) update every 30 minutes just like radar sweeps do. If any graph changes since the previous 30 minute period, it means there is a ufo there. If one region graph stops increasing and another graph starts increasing it generally means the ufo has moved to that region. Now you have an idea what direction the ufo is heading. If it spends a lot of time in one region, its a good bet that the region is the mission target region. Ufos typically show up in a random region before heading to its mission region, then zig zag around awhile in the mission region, maybe land, then head off to another random region before disappearing. Missions tend to have multiple ufos spread out over a month or two before the mission is over. So even though it probably isn't possible to get to the first or second mission scouting ufos; it should be possible to get a expedition or something there in time to hopefully tackle a landed ufo. If you get lucky, a country graph will show change and you have a much better idea of where the ufo is. Some of the high scoring missions are from ufos on the ground for quite a lot of time racking up points. Other high scoring missions sadly are going to beyond the players ability to do anything about in the early game.
X-piratez has some global missions where I presume each mission ufo goes to random regions but I don't think these rack up too many points (unless one lands and becomes pink site)
I don't remember how often enemy base points get scored but I believe it scores repeatedly over the month so if any region graph keeps scoring every day or so, there probably is a base there.
Surprisingly despite all of the quality of life changes that openxcom has made over the original game, I don't think any have been made to the graphs. At the beginning of the month they are easier to use since they get reset to 0. If any move off of 0, it means there is ufo activity in that region or country(depends on which screen is viewed). It is like having global radar coverage only without the moving red dots on the geoscape. It would be really nice to have highlighted in some way which graphs have recently changed. Also it would be nice to have an actual number displayed so that the autistic players wouldn't have to count pixels on 16 graphs (plus turning region graphs on and off to improve graph y-axis resolution) every half hour to check for any ufo activity.
The number is only important as it is the actual score being racked against the player by the ufo activity. Noting when the numbers change is crucial; its really hard to notice slight changes in graph slope in the middle of the month.
I believe other sources of negative score are readily apparent to the players. Battlescape mission results show up the "yer activity" graphs. Skipped pink site penalties probably show up in the ufo activity graphs once the site disappears, but I'm not sure. Research points might only show up in the actual score graph labeled "Finance". There is only a couple of negative point researches and I don't think there are any in the early game.
A long time ago in the original game I was able to prevent a few terror sites from occurring in the early game before I had radars everywhere by watching the graphs and sending the starting two interceptors armed with avalanches to shoot down the terror ship before it could reach the city. It usually took 10 out of the 12 missiles total (3 per mount, 6 per interceptor) and I had to charge in at the end to avoid the last shot always misses bug. It was also hard to catch the terror ship as it was faster than the interceptors except for a short period when it slowed down.
tldr: It is possible to use the graphs as a poor man's global radar coverage and do something about ufo activity away from your base before being surprised at the end of the month with a big negative score.